土建工程翻译中说明书在建筑中的作用

 土建建筑翻译中说明书在建筑中的作用为了招标建设任务和指导承包者进行施工，建筑师或工程技术人员需要编制合同文件。当“甲方与承包者协议书”以及基本条件的某些方面涉及法律程序时，建筑师和工程技术人员为甲方律师提供帮助。合同文件包括： 

    甲方与承包者协议书： 基本条件（及特殊条件）： 图纸及说明书。 

    说明书是建设项目的文字说明，而图纸则是该项目的图示说明，图纸和说明书互为补充。 

    尽管图纸上也有解释性的说明，但这种说明简短而笼统，仅对建筑物的型式、位置以及规格尺寸要求加以说明，而说明书则扩展到所用材料的特性及安装技术要求。图纸上可能全都写上这样一条说明：“隔间顶棚”。说明书则对该项顶棚进行完整说明及交代细节。例如隔音材料是采用预先精加工的带吸音垫的空金属板还是采用矿物纤维，还是植物纤维；构件的大小；支承隔音材料的金属格棚是采用隐蔽式还是裸露式以及其他许多别的问题。 

    说明书是针对直接承包者的。说明书对工程项目提供顺序井然、层次清晰的文字说明材料。说明书根据编制者的观点，按施工中所涉及的各个工种，分为若干章节。条理清楚的说明书将有助于成本估算并投标的准备工作。 

    说明书中要详细注明技术要求。承包者将研究说明书，从而确定工作程序、施工质量、以及完工工程的外观等。根据这些资料，他们可以确定各种技术和劳力的费用。如果技术要求确定不准确，造价就会定得不切合实际。 

    例如，说明书可能注明风道可用白铁皮制作；但当使用白铁皮时，也许要内衬吸音材料，以降低由于空气流动而引起的噪声。经过非空调空间的空调金属风道应当用保温材料裹起来，保温材料外面加防潮层。这会防止管道内外空气间的热导并避免传送空气的管道上发生冷凝现象。至于风道所用的材料，里面应当光滑，这样对气流的阻力就小。完工的工程项目有的可能不能满足设计者的要求。编制清楚而全面的说明书是向承包者说明如何建成满意的建筑物的唯一手段。 

    一旦发生争执，签约各方便首先推敲说明书，查对所作的说明及要求，然后才去研究其它的建筑文件。因此，说明书对于具体项目的说明和要求一定要准确具体。 

    一份好的说明书将使图纸说明得到扩展和澄清，规定材料和技术质量，规定施工范围并指出直接承包者的职责。

    Role of Specification in Construction 

    Architects or engineers prepare contract documents for a project for the purpose of obtaining competitive bids for construction and guiding the successful contractor during construction.To the extent,these documents,such as The Agreement between the Owner and the Contractor and certain aspects of the general conditions,involve legal    matters,the role of the architects and engineers is to assist the owner’s attorney.The contract documents consist of:The Agreement between the Owner and the Contrator;General Conditions(and Special Conditions);Drawings and Specififcations. 

    The specifications are a written description and the drawings a diagrammatic presentation of the construction project.The drawings and specifications are complementary. 

    Although explanatory notes are included on drawings,these notes are short,general,and describe a type of construction,its location and quantity required,whereas specifications expand on the 

characteristics of the materials involved and the workmanship desired in installing them.A note on the drawings may read “Suspended acoustic ceiling.”The specifications will completely describe the ceiling and establish such details as whether the acoustic material is pefinished perforated metal with sound-absorbing pads,mineral fiber,orvegetable fiber;the size of the units;whether the metal grid supporting theacoustic units is concealed or exposed and numerous other conditions. 

    Specifications are addressed to the prime contractor.They present a written description of the project in an ordenly and logical manner.They are organized into divisions and sections repressnting,in the opinion of the specification writer,the trades that will be involved in construction.Proper organization of the specifications will facilitate estimating and aid in preparation of bids. 

    Workmanship required should be detailed in the specifications.Contractors study specifications to determine the sequence of work,quality of workmanship,and appearance of end product.From this information,they determine costs of the various skills and labor required.If workmanship is not determined properly,unrealistic costs will result. 

    For example,specification will describe that ducts may be made of galvanized-iron.When galvanized-iron is used,it may be lined with sound-absorbing material,to reduce noise from movement of air.Air-conditioning metal ducts passing through non-conditioned spaces should be wrapped with thermal insulation enclosed in a vapor barrier.This will prevent heat transfer between air within and outside the ducts and condensation on ducts carrying cold air.With regard to materials used for ducts,the interiors should be smooth to keep resistance to air flow small.The end product may or may not satisfy the building designer.A clearly written and comprehensivespecification is the only means of indicating to contractors what must be done to produce an acceptable building. 

    Whenever a dispute arises,the contraction parties will scrutinize the specifications for instructions or requirements spelled out in writing before consulting any other part of the construction documents.So specifications must be specific and accurate in discribing the requirements of the projcet. 

    A good specification will expand or clarify drawing notes,define quality of materials and workmanship,establish the scope of work,and spell out the responsibilities of the prime contractor.